![]() ![]() All plots report mean values ± standard deviation for BCI–FES group ( N = 14, red) and sham-FES group ( N = 13, light blue). Patient demographics and clinical scores. Results illustrate how a BCI-FES therapy can drive significant functional recovery and purposeful plasticity thanks to contingent activation of body natural efferent and afferent pathways. This increase is significantly correlated with functional improvement. ![]() ![]() Electroencephalography analysis pinpoints significant differences in favor of the BCI group, mainly consisting in an increase in functional connectivity between motor areas in the affected hemisphere. BCI patients exhibit a significant functional recovery after the intervention, which remains 6-12 months after the end of therapy. Such recovery is associated to quantitative signatures of functional neuroplasticity. Here we show that BCI coupled to functional electrical stimulation (FES) elicits significant, clinically relevant, and lasting motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors more effectively than sham FES. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of BCI-based therapies remain unclear. Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are used in stroke rehabilitation to translate brain signals into intended movements of the paralyzed limb. ![]()
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